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Modern radiotherapeutic treatment of lung tumors
ŽÁKOVÁ, Klára
In its theoretical part, the bachelor's thesis describes the anatomy of the respiratory system, the types of lung cancers, their symptoms, risk factors and possible treatment. It mainly focuses on lung radiotherapy itself and lung irradiation techniques with regard to the current technical possibilities of radiotherapy. The practical part is represented by the analysis of data from a questionnaire survey examining, in particular, the frequency of the presence of risk factors in patients with lung cancer treated at the RTO of the České Budějovice Hospital. The research part was treatment by questionnaire, the group of patients consisted of a total of 60 respondents. The obtained data were subsequently evaluated with MS Excel tools. In addition to the presence of smoking as the main risk factor, attention was also paid to other risk factors, e.g. occupational stress, general lifestyle or long-term residence in areas with increased radon content in the subsoil. The results confirmed that long-term tobacco smoking remains the most represented risk factor. The processing of answers from the questionnaire also ensures the assumption that a non-negligible risk is also a long-term stay in areas with an increased radon index. The bachelor's thesis can serve as a comprehensive study material for future radiology assistants as an overview of modern lung cancer radiation treatment. But it can also be used in professional articles in magazines, or be a source of information for those interested in this topic.
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Issues of lung CT screening for smokers
POKORNÁ, Miroslava
The communication deals with the evaluation of the benefits of the Pilot Programme "CT screening of smokers' lungs". The objectives and methodology include a theoretical study of the anatomy of the airways and the emerging issues of lung cancer, smoking dependence, low dose CT chest scanning techniques, National Radiological Standards and the issues of the target group of smokers and their involvement in investigation and treatment at specialist centres. The research was conducted through a questionnaire survey of 50 smokers (total 25 questions) and 41 physicians (total 18 questions). As a result, it was found that smokers' patients' awareness of the program is not sufficient, mainly due to their lack of interest in CT scanning and treatment options for the consequences of smoking and their unwillingness to actively cooperate with health professionals in their health care, including their refusal to give up the smoking habit. The outcome of the survey of physicians is good awareness and commitment to the implementation of the Pilot Programme, but they are limited in numbers and workload. The survey shows that the Pilot Programme is beneficial to the population. Therefore, it could prospectively be implemented by a larger number of health facilities in our country as part of a screening programme and thus contribute to improving the health status of the population. It was also found that the Hospital Jindřichův Hradec a.s. meets the requirements and could be included in the Pilot Programme.
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Role of nurses in postoperative care in patients with lung cancer.
PLECEROVÁ, Jana
At present time the lung/ bronchial carcinoma is the most frequent malignant disease but not only in our country but worldwide. It is an insidious disease that at the beginning is asymptomatic (i.e. without clinical symptoms), however it has an extraordinary unfavourable prognosis. The lung/ bronchial carcinoma is painless disease therefore the sick people (adversely affected by lung/ bronchial carcinoma) do not suffer from any significant health trouble for very long time. In a later stage some of the patients realize the fact, that they are facing some health troubles. They find out that something go wrong as far as their health condition is concerned, the most frequent case is reported as breathlessness or difficulties in breathing in general. Their difficulties in breathing is frequently attributed to their weight, physical strain, stress, workload, work environment they work in. These patients usually make an appointment with the physician not sooner than they observe further manifestations of the illness which testifies to advanced stage of the illness, however. These symptoms often are the following: haemoptysis, rhonchus/hoarseness, chronic cough, dysphagia, pains, loss of weight. The lung carcinoma is frequently discovered on a random basis within a preoperative preparation for another surgical intervention i.e. the centre of lung carcinoma is identified when heart and lungs are X-rayed. The very sad moment of this disease (lung carcinoma) is the fact that overwhelming majority of the patients bring about this insidious illness or contract the illness themselves. The reason is smoking. Present youth regard smoking fashionable and modern. They feel and perceive smoking as their need to try something new and majority of them persist with smoking. They become smoking addict and only small percentage of them seek a help or assistance of an expert in making people give up smoking. In the past we encountered the diagnosis of lung carcinoma with the patients whose age fell in between 60 (sixty) and 70 (seventy). At present time the patients with such a diagnosis are rather younger. Their age fall within the interval 40 (forty) and 50 (fifty). I can express my belief that the public should be not only better informed but also keep informed about the life-threatening lung carcinoma, malignant lung tumour, ways and means of healing, primary and secondary prevention and help and assistance in making people to give up smoking. The public should be informed and be kept informed about risk factors that lead to the origin and development of this insidious disease. The media should do whatever possible to present statistics, research investigations dealing with the origin and development of lung carcinoma, case reports regarding patients with this diagnosis. Several years ago, there were cigarette packets provided with various pictures on them presenting risks of smoking as well as possible complications and troubles accompanied with smoking including lung carcinoma. Unfortunately, this campaign did not achieve such effect as it had been expected. This diploma work has been worked out by focusing on theory. Its goal is to present the problem of lung carcinoma, malignant lung tumours in the Czech Republic and in the world. The crucial area of the diploma work is devoted to the surgical therapy of the lung carcinoma, malignant lung tumours that is subject of permanent development and still brings new pieces of knowledge in the field of therapy of lung malignity. Another aim of this diploma work is to clarify, map out and visualize the position and role of nurses in postoperative care for the patients with lung carcinoma/ tumour. The conclusion of the diploma work focuses on specific questions and requirements of the palliative care and its models. This diploma work makes it possible to get an overall view of the specialized field of malignant lung tumours, their statistics, the numbers of which has been rising.
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Optimization of proces for detection of free tumor DNA in plasma and its clinical utility for colorectal cancer, lung cancer and pancreatic cancer patients
Belšánová, Barbora ; Benešová, Lucie (advisor) ; Tachezy, Ruth (referee)
In current days, examination of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) finds new use across different cancers. It is directed at tumor-derived short fragments of DNA present in peripheral blood of patiens (mainly in advanced stages). Due to its minimal invasivity, almost 100 % specificity and relatively high sensitivity in stage IV patients, this approch found its main potential clinical utility especially in early detection of disease relapse or progression after tumor resection (i.e. post-operative follow-up), prediction and monitoring of therapy response and estimation of prognosis. As a result of minute levels of ctDNA on a high background of other non-tumor DNA fragments present in plasma, a suitable method exhibiting highest sensitivity is the key for proper detection of this marker. The approach is predominantly based on initial identification of a mutation in tumor tissue and its subsequent detection in plasma. The present work is aimed at optimization of ctDNA isolation and method of its detection based on PCR amplification followed by heteroduplex analysis by denaturing capillary electrophoresis (DCE) to achieve highest sensitivity for detection of mutated fraction in plasma sample. I have applied the optimized protocol to examine ctDNA in three types of cancers, namely colorectal cancer (122...
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The Use of Asbestos, Remediation of Contaminated Areas and the Risk of Impact on the Human Organism
Štípek, Radek ; Bendl, Jiří (advisor) ; Mihaljevič, Martin (referee)
The work deals with the uses of asbestos minerals, methods of safe disposal of asbestos and the disease burden caused by exposure to asbestos fibers, of which the most dangerous is crocidolite. Attention is paid to the physical-chemical and structural properties, classification and explanation of the processes of their formation, indicating areas of the Czech Republic and abroad. Describes the history of asbestos use since ancient times to the 20th century, including mass balance asbestos consumed in the technosphere that over the past hundred years, amounts to almost 194 million tons. It then focuses on building fire protection, insulation and other products with different content of asbestos in the world which total over 3000 and registered on the characteristics of asbestos substitute materials, such as ceramic, glass and carbon fibers, aramids, wollastonite, vermiculite and perlite. Describes methods for determination of asbestos fibers in the air, water and soil as a complete course of rehabilitation of contaminated objects. Asbestos fibers pose a risk to human health in the form of asbestosis, first diagnosed in 1900, pleural hyalinosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma of the pleura, where the first evidence of association with exposure to asbestos dates back to 1955 and on the basis of which...
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Attitudes to Smoking Prevention
Sudová, Tereza ; Kulhavá, Miluše (advisor) ; Strnadová, Alice (referee)
Synopsis The subject of the bachelor thesis "Attitudes to smoking prevention" is the analysis of attitudes of secondary medical schools in Prague and of their students towards preventing smoking. The first part of the thesis summarizes the historical and contemporary view on the subject of smoking from a general standpoint and it emphasizes the negative effect of smoking on the human organism. The thesis also mentions preventative measures and health programs. The second part is based on my own research and it contains a comparison of two secondary medical schools and also an analysis of said research. Here I deal with the view of students on the issue of smoking in particular and list my own practical suggestions.
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Role of nurses in postoperative care in patients with lung cancer.
PLECEROVÁ, Jana
The objectives of the work The objective of this work has been set as the mapping of degree of patient's contentment/ rate of patient's satisfaction in view of the nurse's approach within the scope of the post-thoracic operation care and the evaluation/ assessment whether the needs of the aforementioned patients have been satisfied. Another objective of the research enquiry has been set as finding out the level of the nurse's awareness regarding the ways and possibilities of the subsequent care. Methodology For the purpose of the research enquiry the form of qualitative research has been chosen and adopted, which has been applied and performed by means of using a method of interviewing i.e. putting questions which have been prepared beforehand, well in advance. Research array of patients consisted of 10 patients from one hospital (which is not going to be specified in this work) as well as 8 nurses whose job was to take care of the post-operative patients/ the post-thoracic operation patients. The results of the research have been processed by applying the method of open coding, pencil-paper method. Assets and Benefits of this Work The research enquiry has showed certain level of absence of desirable knowledge as well as ignorance of the staff taking care of the patients regarding the ways of subsequent care. Nurses should be educated about the possibilities of home care, hospice care as an integral part of their profession. The results gained by research enquiry process could be presented at seminars, conferences aimed at the subsequent care.
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Study of anti-tumor immune response in patients with lung cancer.
Myšíková, Dagmar ; Lischke, Robert (advisor) ; Bouček, Jan (referee) ; Palich Fučíková, Jitka (referee)
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Understanding biological processes of specific antitumor immune response remains of an eminent interest and represents necessity for designing successful antitumor immunotherapeutic strategies. The theoretical part of the thesis describes components of the immune system that are involved in antitumor response and discusses their role in the hitherto known and used lung cancer immunotherapy. In the practical part of the thesis, two studies studying different aspects of anticancer immune response are described. Both studies were conducted in cooperation with 3rd Surgical Department 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol and with the biotechnology company Sotio a.s. The first study is focused on the humoral component of the specific antitumor response and prospectively analyses serum frequency of antitumor antibodies against NY-ESO-1, Her2/neu and MAGE-A4 antigens in 121 patients with NSCLC. Here it was shown for the first time that tobacco smoking significantly increases the frequency of NY- ESO-1 antibodies in sera of smokers in comparison to ex-smokers and non-smokers. The second study is focused on the cellular component of the specific antitumor response investigating the activity of the dendritic...
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Ionizing radiation and its influence on quality of human environment: Radon as a risk factor for health in the Czech Republic
Suchánek, Vladimír ; Šiftová, Jana (advisor) ; Kazmarová, Helena (referee)
Introduction: Environmental pollution is a major human problem since the mid-19th century. This situation is improving in the second half of the 20th century when human recognizes the consequences of industrialization. The issue of air pollution and for example, the negative effects of ionizing radiation, or the release of radon from the geological subsoil and its influence on the diseases as lung carcinoma, all these issues get more important. Purposes: The aim of the work is to find out whether there is an association between elevated radon concentration in buildings and some health indicators (incidence and standardized mortality rate). Using statistical analysis, it is examined if there is a statistically significant relationship among the variables and if these variables should be correlated together. The partial aims of the thesis are also to bring a qualitative view in the form of a professional interview and to visualize the acquired data into maps. Methods: The sources of data were the demographic yearbooks of the Czech Statistical Office, the database on the incidence of lung carcinoma from the National Health Information System and the measured values of the volume activity of radon (OAR) provided by the State Office for Radiation Protection. The data was processed by basic statistical...
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Optimization of proces for detection of free tumor DNA in plasma and its clinical utility for colorectal cancer, lung cancer and pancreatic cancer patients
Belšánová, Barbora ; Benešová, Lucie (advisor) ; Tachezy, Ruth (referee)
In current days, examination of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) finds new use across different cancers. It is directed at tumor-derived short fragments of DNA present in peripheral blood of patiens (mainly in advanced stages). Due to its minimal invasivity, almost 100 % specificity and relatively high sensitivity in stage IV patients, this approch found its main potential clinical utility especially in early detection of disease relapse or progression after tumor resection (i.e. post-operative follow-up), prediction and monitoring of therapy response and estimation of prognosis. As a result of minute levels of ctDNA on a high background of other non-tumor DNA fragments present in plasma, a suitable method exhibiting highest sensitivity is the key for proper detection of this marker. The approach is predominantly based on initial identification of a mutation in tumor tissue and its subsequent detection in plasma. The present work is aimed at optimization of ctDNA isolation and method of its detection based on PCR amplification followed by heteroduplex analysis by denaturing capillary electrophoresis (DCE) to achieve highest sensitivity for detection of mutated fraction in plasma sample. I have applied the optimized protocol to examine ctDNA in three types of cancers, namely colorectal cancer (122...
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